题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
The world's oil supply
A. haven been gradually being exhausted
B. is being gradually exhausted
C. is gradually exhausted
D. has gradually exhausted
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Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature—a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now.
This passage is mainly concerned with______.
A．the greenhouse effect
B．the potential effect of air pollution
C．the burning of fossil fuels
D．the probability of a new ice age
As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, "outsiders" are going to have some stay over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of "our" resources and "their" resources, but only of common resources.
As Americans consuming such a disproportionate share of the world's resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super affluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesn't make that much different. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question we're going to have to answer, whether we're trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch.
The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the world's resources require that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them.
The writer warns Americans that ______.
A．their excessive consumption has caused world resource exhaustion
B．they are confronted with the problem of how to obtain more material goods
C．their unfair share of the world's resources should give way to proper division among countries
D．they have to discard their cars for lack of fossil fuel in the world
A.a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us
B.the way．in which gases are used for keeping plants warm
C.the way“greenhouse gases”trap heat on the earth
D.the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat
Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystalclear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all, the insects.
I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world and my enthusiasm had led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people's observations and discoveries. Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle, because it all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers, and books, which some might honour with the title of scientific research.
But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: one the outstanding and essential qualities required is se]f-discipline, a quality I lack. A scientist requires not only self-discipline but hard training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.
The first paragraph tells us the author ______. ()
A．was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood
B．lost his hearing when he was a child
C．didn't like his brothers and sisters
D．was born to a naturalist's family
Land, water, mineral deposits, and trees are good examples of natural resources. For example, Exxon Corporation, the world's largest oil company, makes use of a wide variety of natural resources. It must obviously have vast quantities of crude oil to process each year. But Exxon also needs the land where the oil is located, as well as land for its refineries and pipelines.
The people who work for a company represent the second factor of production, labor. Sometimes called human resources, labor is the mental and physical capabilities of people. Exxon employs over 150,000 people worldwide. Carrying out the business of such a huge company requires labor force with a wide variety of skills ranging from managers to geologists to truck drivers.
Obtaining and using material resources and labor requires capital, the funds needed to operate an enterprise. Capital is needed to start any business. Capital is also needed to keep the business operating and growing. Exxon's annual drilling costs alone run into the billions of dollars.
Finally, many economic systems need entrepreneurs to function. Entrepreneurs are those people who accept the opportunities and risks involved in creating and operating businesses. They are the people who start new businesses and who make the decisions that allow small businesses to grow into larger ones. Exxon Corporation started as an
entrepreneurial venture. Although it did not acquire its current name until 1973, its roots can be traced to 1862 when John D. Rockefeller and Murice B. Clark decided to establish a petroleum-refining firm.
26. Factors of production refer to ().
A. natural resources and capital
B. labor and entrepreneurs
C. both A and B
27. The labor force needed in Exxon Corporation are ().
A. people who have a variety of skills
B. only geologists and truck drivers
C. managers to run the company
28. Exxon's annual drilling costs alone run into the billions of dollars. 'run into' here means ().
A. divide
B. reach
C. meet
29. The funds needed to operate an enterprise are referred to as ().
A. capital
B. resources
C. labor
30. They are the people () start new business and make the decisions.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
“Energy independence” and its rhetorical (修辞的) companion “energy security” are, however, slippery concepts that are rarely though through. What is it we want independence from, exactly？
Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil. But there are reasons that we buy all that old from elsewhere.
The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running. Yes, there is a trickle(涓涓细流)of biofuel(生物燃料)available, and more may become available, but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.
Second, Americans have basically decided that they don't really want to produce all their own oil. They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad. Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection. To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports？
Third, there are benefits to trade. It allows for economic efficiency, and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than we do, we benefit. And although you don't read about this much, the United States is also a large exporter of oil products, selling about 2 million barrels of petroleum products per day to about 90 countries.
There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and, in fact, relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy. When that flow is interrupted, we feel the pain in short supplies and higher prices, At the same time, we derive massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world.
61. What does the author say about energy independence for America？()
A.It sounds very attractive.
B.It ensures national security.
C.It will bring oil prices down.
D.t has long been everyone's dream.
62. What does the author think of biofuels？()
A.They keep America's economy running healthily.
B.They prove to be a good alternative to petroleum.
C.They do not provide a sustainable energy supply.
D.They cause serious damage to the environment.
63. Why does America rely heavily on oil imports？()
A.It wants to expand its storage of crude oil.
B.Its own oil reserves are quickly running out.
C.It wants to keep its own environment intact.
D.Its own oil production falls short of demand.
64. What does the author say about oil trade？()
A.It proves profitable to both sides.
B.It improves economic efficiency.
C.It makes for economic prosperity.
D.It saves the cost of oil exploration.
65. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？()
A.To justify America's dependence on oil imports.
B.To arouse Americans' awareness of the energy crisis.
C.To stress the importance of energy conservation.
D.To explain the increase of international oil trade.
Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted
Coastal Oil is one of the world’s largest petrochemical companies. It is based in Deeland and is responsible alone for 10% of Deeland’s total stock market value. It employs 120,000 people in many countries and has an especially strong presence in Effland because of Effland’s very large consumption of oil and gas products and its large oil reserves. Coastal Oil is organised, like most petrochemical companies, into three vertically integrated business units: the exploration and extraction division; the processing and refining division; and the distribution and retailing division.
Because of the risks and the capital investment demands, Coastal Oil has joint venture (JV) agreements in place for many of its extraction operations (i.e. its oil and gas rigs), especially those in the deep-water seas. A joint venture is a shared equity arrangement for a particular project where control is shared between the JV partners. In each of its JVs, Coastal Oil is the largest partner, although operations on each rig are divided between the JV member companies and the benefits are distributed according to the share of the JV.
As a highly visible company, Coastal Oil has long prided itself on its safety record and its ethical reputation. It believes both to be essential in supporting shareholder value. Its corporate code of ethics, published some years ago, pledges its commitment to the ‘highest standards’ of ethical performance in the following areas: full compliance with regulation in all jurisdictions; safety and care of employees; transparency and communication with stakeholders; social contribution; and environmental responsibility. In addition, Coastal Oil has usually provided a lot of voluntary disclosure in its annual report and on its website. It says that it has a wide range of stakeholders and so needs to provide a great deal of information.
One of the consequences of dividing up the different responsibilities and operations on an oil or gas rig is that Coastal Oil does not have direct influence over some important operational controls. The contractual arrangements on any given oil rig can be very complex and there have often been disagreements between JV partners on some individual legal agreements and responsibilities for health and safety controls. Given that Coastal Oil has JV interests in hundreds of deep-water oil and gas rigs all over the world, some observers have said that this could be a problem should an accident ever occur.
This issue was tragically highlighted when one of its deep-water rigs, the Effland Coastal Deep Rig, had an explosion earlier this year. It was caused by the failure of a valve at the ‘well-head’ on the sea floor. The valve was the responsibility of Well Services, a minor partner in the JV. Eight workers were killed on the rig from the high pressure released after the valve failure, and oil gushed into the sea from the well-head, a situation that should have been prevented had the valve been fully operational. It was soon established that Well Services’ staff failed to inspect the valve before placing it at the well-head at the time of installation, as was required by the company’s normal control systems. In addition, the valve was attached to a connecting part that did not meet the required technical specification for the water depth at which it was operating. The sea bed was 1,000 metres deep and the connecting part was intended for use to a depth of up to 300 metres. There was a suggestion that the need to keep costs down was a key reason for the use of the connecting part with the inferior specification.
Reports in the media on the following day said that the accident had happened on a rig ‘belonging to Coastal Oil’ when in fact, Coastal Oil was technically only a major partner in the joint venture. Furthermore, there was no mention that the accident had been caused by a part belonging to Well Services. A journalist did discover, however, that both companies had operated a more lax safety culture on the deep-water rigs than was the case at facilities on land (the ‘land-side’). He said there was a culture of ‘out of sight, out of mind’ on some offshore facilities and that this meant that several other controls were inoperative in addition to the ones that led to the accident. Information systems reporting back to the ‘land-side’ were in place but it was the responsibility of management on each individual rig to enforce all internal controls and the ‘land-side’ would only be informed of a problem if it was judged to be ‘an exceptional risk’ by the rig’s manager.
The accident triggered a large internal argument between Coastal Oil and Well Services about liability and this meant that there was no public statement from Coastal Oil for seven days while the arguments continued. Lawyers on both sides pointed out that liability was contractually ambiguous because the documentation on responsibilities was far too complex and unclear. And in any case, nobody expected anything to go wrong. In the absence of any official statement from Coastal Oil for those seven days, the media had no doubts who was to blame: Coastal Oil was strongly criticised in Effland with the criticism growing stronger as oil from the ruptured valve was shown spilling directly into the sea off the Effland coast. With no contingency plan for a deep-water well-head rupture in place, the ruptured valve took several months to repair, meaning that many thousands of tonnes of crude oil polluted the sea off Effland. Images of seabirds covered in crude oil were frequently broadcast on television and thousands of businesses on the coast reported that the polluted water would disrupt their business over the vital tourist season. Public statements from Coastal Oil that it was not responsible for the ruptured valve were seemingly not believed by the Effland public. Senior legislators in Effland said that the accident happened on ‘a rig belonging to Coastal Oil’ so it must be Coastal Oil’s fault.
A review by the Coastal Oil board highlighted several areas where risk management systems might be tightened to reduce the possibility of a similar accident happening again. Finance director, Tanya Tun, suggested that the company should disclose this new information to shareholders as it would be value-relevant to them. In particular, she said that a far more detailed voluntary statement on environmental risk would be material to the shareholders. The annual report would, she believed, be a suitable vehicle for this disclosure.
Because of the high media profile of the event, politicians from Effland involved themselves in the situation. Senator Jones’s constituency on the coast nearest the rig was badly affected by the oil spill and many of his constituents suffered economic loss as a result. He angrily retorted in a newspaper interview that Coastal Oil’s CEO, Susan Ahmed, ‘should have known this was going to happen’, such was the poor state of some of the internal controls on the Effland Coastal Deep Rig.
As the oil spill continued and the media interest in the events intensified, CEO Mrs Ahmed was summoned to appear before a special committee of the Effland national legislature ‘to explain herself to the citizens of Effland’. The Coastal Oil board agreed that this would be a good opportunity for Mrs Ahmed to address a number of issues in detail and attempt to repair some of the company’s damaged reputation. The board agreed that Mrs Ahmed should provide as full a statement as possible on the internal control failures to the special committee.
Required:
(a) Describe the general purposes of a corporate code of ethics and evaluate Coastal Oil’s performance against its own stated ethical aims as set out in its code of ethics. (10 marks)
(b) Explain, using examples, the difference between voluntary and mandatory disclosure, and assess Tanya Tun’s proposition that additional voluntary disclosure on environmental risk management would be material to the shareholders. (10 marks)
(c) In preparing to appear before the special committee of the Effland national legislature, CEO Mrs Ahmed has been informed that she will be asked to explain the causes of the accident and to establish whether she can give assurances that an accident of this type will not re-occur.
Required:
Prepare a statement for Mrs Ahmed to present before the committee that explains the following:
(i) The internal control failures that gave rise to the accident; (10 marks)
(ii) The difference between subjective and objective risk assessment (using examples). Argue against Senator Jones’s view that Mrs Ahmed ‘should have known this was going to happen’; (8 marks)
(iii) ‘Health and safety’ risk and the factors that can increase this risk in an organisation; (4 marks)
(iv) Why Coastal Oil cannot guarantee the prevention of further health and safety failures, using the ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) principle; (4 marks)
Professional marks will be awarded in part (c) for logical flow, persuasiveness, format and tone of the answers. (4 marks)
根据以下内容回答题，
There was one thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and heavy automobile traffic．At present，we realize that although these are the．areas with the worst air pollution，the problem is literally worldWide．On several occasions over the past decade，a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the east of the United States and brought health warnings in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile tmmc．In fact，the very climate of the entire earth may be infected by air poilu-tion．Some scientists consider that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels（coal and oil）is creating a“greenhouse effect”——con-serving heat refleeted from the earth and raising the world’S average temperature．If this view is correct and the worid’s temperature is raised only a few degrees，much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York，Boston，Miami，and New Orleans will be in water． Another view．1ess widely held，is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth’s temperature——a result that would be equally disas-trous．A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age，and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top fanning areas．Today we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen（though one recent government report drafted bv experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is#cry possible）．Perhaps，if we are lucky enough，the two tendencies will offset each other and the world’s temperature will stay about the same as it is now．
As Dointed out at the beginning of the passage，people used to think that air pollution__________ ．
A.caused widespread damage in the countryside
B.affected the entire eastern half of the United States
C.had a damaging effect on health
D.existed merely in urban and industries areas
Which Low Carbon Technology Is Now a Reality？
A．With fossil fuels expected to supply over 70% of the world"s energy needs by 2040， we face some urgent questions: where should efforts be focused in reducing greenhouse gas emissions？ Which technologies hold the most promise？ There are a range of low-carbon solutions and given the challenge， we will need them all．We hear a lot about the advances being made by refreshable sources of energy such as solar， wind and hydro-electricity and these are certainly valuable technologies in combating climate change．But how can we really make a m jor impact in reducing carbon emissions from large power plants and industrial facilities？ Enter carbon capture and storage——or CCS——a technology that captures CO2 from fossil fuel production and permanently stores it underground．
B．The aim is to prevent the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere （from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries ）．It is a potential means of relieving the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming and ocean acidification （酸化）．Although CO2 has been injected into geological formations for several decades for various purposes， including enhanced oil
recovery， the long term storage of CO2 is a relatively new concept．The first commercial example was Weyburn in 2000．CCS can also be used to describe the scrubbing （涤气 ） of CO2 from environmental air as a climate engineering technique．
C．In November 2014 the Global CCS Institute released its flagship （核心的） publication——the annual Global Status of CCS report．This comprehensive annual update is the prominent source of information on the development of CCS around the world．A lot of work went into updating information in the report， in cooperation with the CCS industry， as there had been quite significant changes to the CCS landscape in the preceding 12 months．This included the launch of a large-scale
CCS project in the power sector and the beginning of construction of the world"s first large-scale CCS project in the iron and steel sector．
D．Large-scale CCS is now a reality in the power sector with the October 2014 launch of the Boundary Dam Integrated Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project in Saskatchewan， Canada．Boundary Dam is the first commercial CCS plant in the power sector， removing 90 per cent of the CO2 produced by electricity generation from lignite （褐煤） coal at Production Unit No．3 of the SaskPower facility．The captured CO is primarily used for enhanced oil recovery （EOR） at the nearby Weyburn oil field， although amounts are also to be stored in deep geological formations at the Aqnistore site．The success of the Boundary Dam project and the progression of additional
projects through planning and construction， indicates that CCS technologies for application in the power sector are "market ready"．
E．The next 18 -24 months will see CCS be applied across a range of industries and storage types．A further two large-scale CCS power projects are in construction in the US——the Kemper County Energy Facility in Mississippi and the Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project in Texas．Both projects are expected to be operational in 2016．Also in the US， the Illinois Industrial CCS project planned for launch later this year will capture CO2 from the Archer Daniels Midland corn-to-ethanol （乙醇） plant in Decatur， Illinois for storage in an onshore deep saline formation．The Abu Dhabi CCS project in the United Arab Emirates is under construction and from 2016 will provide the world"s first large- scale demonstration of CO2 capture from iron and steel production．
F．In addition to the 22 large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or construction around the world，14 projects are in advanced stages of planning， many of which are likely to be in a position to make a final investment decision over the coming year．Together this group of projects covers a range of applications for CCS and could extend to around ten in the number of large-scale CCS projects operating in the power sector by the end of the decade．Their progression to operation would add experience in the dedicated geological storage of CO．and see operational large-scale CCS activity extend to China for the first time．
G．2014 saw commercial application in the power sector become a reality and we can look forward to a further expansion across a diverse range of industries in the coming years．The Global CCS Institute continues to cover developments in CCS with up-to-date information， expert insights， workshops， media releases and online seminars．We struggle to make CCS industry information easily accessible and encourage you to engage with us via our website and regular publications．
H．For detailed information on large-scale CCS projects please visit our online Projects page， which you can browse or search for projects based on stage， region， industry o．r capture， transport and storage type．For the first time the Institute"s website contains project descriptions for around 40 lesser scale "remarkable" CCS projects， of which four Japanese "remarkable" CCS projects were the key focus of a chapter in the Global Status of CCS report．For ongoing expert information visit our Insights page， which is regularly updated with articles from experts in carbon capture and storage， public engagement， legal issues and policy developments．
I．To join in the discussion you can attend meetings and workshops around the world， and participate in online seminars where you will have the opportunity to listen to and ask questions of a range of experts．Visit our Events page to see upcoming meetings， conferences， workshops and seminars．Finally， for a range of up-to-date news and more detailed information， visit our news and publications sections．We look forward to covering this exciting period in the development of CCS and providing you with the latest information and important issues for the sector．
Carbon dioxide has been stored in geological formations for different purposes； however， its long term storage is comparatively new． 查看材料
