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Greeks, others of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there is even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe.
This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue, or make an emphatic point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; in Paris they take it as it comes!
Although North Americans have a relatively wide "comfortable zone" for talking, they communicate, a great deal with their hands—not only with gestures but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person's shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they nudge a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child's head in affection, they readily take someone's arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people—especially those from Asia or the Moslem countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if inadvertently done with the left hand. (The left hand carries no special significance in the U.S. Many Americans are simply left handed and use that hand more. )
In terms of bodily distance, North Americans ______.
A．are similar to South Americans
B．stand farthest apart
C．feel ill at ease when too close
D．move nearer during conversations
In the case of a church wedding, the vicar of each parish in which the ceremony bride and bridegroom live is normally informed about a month in advance of the ceremony so that an announcement of the coming wedding can be made in church on each of three Sundays before it takes place. Anyone who may know of an existing marriage of either partner is ordered to give information about it, though this means of avoiding bigamy must have been more effective in the days when people moved about the world less than they do today. Often up to a hundred or more people attend the religious service and the bride usually wears the traditional long white dress and veil, while her bride - maids, who are often children, wear long dress in attractive colors. This may also happen in the case of a civil wedding in a register office but is probably less usual.
The reception which follows may be held in a restaurant, a local hall or, when there are few guests, in the bride's own home. Refreshments are provided, a special iced wedding - cake is cut (usually to the accompaniment of speeches) and distributed to the guests, toasts are drunk and dancing may follow. At some point in the celebrations, the bride goes off the change into everyday clothes and then leaves the party with her husband to go on their honeymoon, the journey they will make together, often in romantic surroundings abroad.
According to the passage some guests may be invited because _________.
A．they are likely to be annoyed if they are not
B．they may give valuable presents
C．their presence could provide future benefits
D．they may help with the expenses of the wedding
Firstly, my ___42___ skills developed when I independently directed each swimmer where to line up at the platform. and ___43___ each contestant when they needed to swim. I had to make sure that the swimmers were ___44___ and ready to perform. This kept me on my feet at all times and ___45___ of each event’s time and location. I learned each swimmer’s name. ___46___ many of them swam in more than one event.
Secondly, my ___47___ was greatly improved when I saw the swimmers get their awards for winning each swimming event. I was ___48___ that most swimmers could swim better than I. It astonished me by their ___49___ attitudes, whether they won or lost. This also expanded my horizons, offering me the opportunity to ___50___ people I would normally not encounter. I went out of my ___51___ zone and did whatever was needed to be done. It was especially ___52 ___when I saw the glowing faces of the contestants.
Lastly, I was of ___53___ to my community by lending a hand to this much ___54 ___organization. To be a part of it gave me a chance to improve my community and become ___55___ with the people living in this area.
As Winston Churchill once said, “We make a living by what we do, but we make a(n) ___56___ by what we give.” The importance of ___57___ should be done throughout your life. ___58___ , through the many opportunities my community has offered I was privileged to be ___59___ in this exciting and important event in these contestants’ lives. I hope to be a(n) ___60___ at this event in years to come.
41______________
A.purpose
B.attention
C.meaning
D.regulation
42A.exercise
B.acting
C.learning
D.leadership
43A.taught
B.informed
C.awarded
D.compared
44A.valued
B.preserved
C.positioned
D.controlled
45A.aware
B.certain
C.full
D.capable
46A.so
B.if
C.because
D.though
47A.figure
B.imagination
C.technique
D.character
48A.blamed
B.impressed
C.reminded
D.concerned
49A.changeable
B.indifferent
C.various
D.positive
50A.meet
B.gather
C.educate
D.recommend
51A.time
B.comfort
C.availability
D.development
52A.interesting
B.outstanding
C.rewarding
D.relaxing
53A.service
B.courage
C.wisdom
D.encouragement
54A.needed
B.honored
C.invited
D.occupied
55A.faced
B.combined
C.surrounded
D.acquainted
56A.life
B.way
C.exception
D.analysis
57A.traveling
B.volunteering
C.evaluating
D.cooperating
58A.Specially
B.Generally
C.Additionally
D.Fortunately
59A.delighted
B.involved
C.stuck
D.successful
60A.judge
B.trainer
C.assistant
D.announcer
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish (Sheik) this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.
What is the passage mainly about？
A．Animals developed different strategies to survive.
B．Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.
C．Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.
D．A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.
Late-night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again. "It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake," says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal They also took half an hour to drop off — twice as long as usual — and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decal drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate that
A．melatonin levels need to be raised.
B．neurohormone can wake us up.
C．coffee is a stimulant.
D．decaf is a caffeinated coffee.
(61)
A．high
B．highly
C．higher
D．height
When you leave your office to attend meetings or travel on business, what would happen to your business routine？ Of course, faxes and e-mails would be still sent to your fax machine or e-mail box, but you cannot read them and make prompt reaction timely. When your clients need you to make some urgent modifications on your work and you are neither in the office nor carrying relevant documents, what can you do？ Maybe you have to say "sorry" to the clients. But, your business will be affected, the clients will be unhappy and disappointed because of your delay, and you will lose a lot of business opportunities.
In fact, very frequently, you need to check, reply, distribute, display, modify or read some materials when you are not in your office. You must get out of this dilemma. The best solution to normally handle your-business anywhere anytime and not to disappoint your clients is to let your office "move" with you. Thus, you can have convenient, prompt, safe, reliable and reasonably priced communications and office faculty anywhere anytime. With the development of communications technology, network application and wireless interconnection, mobile office has become simpler and smaller, and even can be realized via one mobile phone with data communications function. Thus, mobile office has already been put into your pocket, and office mobility has been realized. Mobile office has provided people with convenient, casual working environment, but at the same time it still has some unsatisfactory aspects such as mismatching equipment interface and inadequate battery. Nevertheless, we believe that with technical progress, people can certainly overcome all kinds of difficulties. Mobile office will make your career successful, and will realize the dream of completely free communication. Users will enjoy more colorful life and better working environment, and users' living standard, working efficiency and even enterprises' production efficiency will certainly be immensely raised.
It can be inferred from the passage that______.
A．mobile office is the only way by which people could enjoy prompt and safe working environment
B．with the development of science, mobile office comes to our life inevitably
C．people had no convenient and reliable communications and office faculty before
D．mobile interconnection platform. and its application systems is the core of mobile office
The meaning of “communication” goes a lot deeper than people often think. Communication is about conceiving, sending, receiving, and interpreting messages as well as confirming reception of these messages. A failure at any point in this chain can result in ineffective communication.
Ineffective communication can be disastrous. There is a famous story of a British Army Commander who sent the message “Send reinforcements, we're going to advance.” back to his Command Center, through a long chain of subordinates. When the message finally reached the Command Center, it had “mutated” to become -- “Send three and four-pence, we're going to a dance.” The reinforcements never arrived.
You can demonstrate this same principle, albeit on a less dramatic scale, by trying to play Chinese Whispers with more than 20 people. It is highly unlikely the same message you started with will be the one you end with.
In a business, there are three main types of communication failure. Each has its own indicative signs.
•The first type is known as allocative failure. This occurs when a firm is not gathering enough intelligence about its market or (most often), the information is not reaching the right points. The firm will not be allocating resources in step with the shifts in demand. If demand is rising but the firm is suffering from allocative communication failure, then stocks will fall and there will be understaffing. If the inverse happens, there will be a surplus of stocks and overstaffing.
•The second type is executive failure, where communication to trigger specific events/actions is either late, lacking or in error. The symptoms of this are a general loss of direction in the company or departments, a loss of co-ordination and an increase in complaints from customers as things happen late or not at all.
•The final type is human failure. This occurs when the general culture of a business or the relationships between particular individuals or departments do not foster effective communication. This leads to alienated staff, an increase in staff turnover, an increase in absenteeism and general frustration among staff. Creativity, especially that which takes place across departmental boundaries, is likely to suffer hugely as team synergy slips.
操作提示：通过题目后的下拉选项框选择正确答案。
1.Confirming reception of the sent messages means.
A. the messages are sent to right receivers
B. the messages are correctly understood
C. the messages are correctly understood by right receivers
2. In the famous British Army Commander story, which step probably did NOT go wrong in the communication chain?
A. Conceiving.
B. Sending.
C. Receiving.
3.What is Chinese whispers?
A. Who whispers in Chinese.
B. A game to pass message around in a whisper.
C. Chinese people who don't normally talk very loudly.
4.Allocative failure does NOT happen when.
A. the right information goes to the right place
B. a company gathers false information
C. the correct information is not received by the right department or person
5.According to the passage, which of the following cases does NOT belong to human failure?
A. Decreasing creativity across departments.
B. Inadequate communication between departments.
C. Increasing customer complaints.
